Rubén Vásquez - ETC 677 - Plagiarism
rv28@dana.ucc.nau.edu

[Plagiarism] : [Assignments] : [Week 3 Summarizing] : Summary Examples

Summary Examples

Example 1

The main purpose of this article is to describe how male and female speakers of American English use the language differently. First, some certain words are used by one gender more frequently than the other. Second, women tend to use question tags in certain contexts more often than men. Last, women use all intonational contours, while men tend to use only some. However, it is noted that the difference in language use of the two genders is decreased. They use a more similar language.

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Example 2

Salzmann (1998) explores the differences in the speech of men and women in his article "Language, culture, and society: An introduction to linguistic anthropology". There are two main aspects of the issue discussed in the article: grammatical issues in languages linked to gender (i.e. gender of nouns) and gender in the sense of male/female distinction. The second issue is the main focus of the article. He explores the question: "Apart form timbre and relative pitch, does women's speech differ form men's? IN most languages minor differences exist between women's and men's speech. These are differences are different in nature. Some of the minor differences he has found are as follows. Some language have a different phonemic shape depending on whether a men or women is speaking (e.g. Koasati). In some languages the articulation of certain consonants differ according to the speaker's gender (French spoken by Arabs, North America, South America) In some languages gender is in part natural, in part grammatical (Central American Carib). Another difference is the choice of words according to the occasion, type of audience and other circumstances. The frequency of the use of certain words differs according to the gender of the speaker.
Women tend to use certain words and grammatical forms such as tag questions more frequently than men. Lastly intonational patterns also show difference in men's and women's speech. Salzmann (1998) concludes that in American English the difference between men's and women's speech lies mostly in the frequency with which some usages are employed.

Example 3

The article concentrated on differences and similarities in speech patterns between males and females across cultures. Some languages mark difference through the use of morphemes. A Muskogean language used in southwestern Louisiana is an example of such a language.
Gender is marked through the articulation of /R/ in Moroccan French. Men choose to use the uvular /R/ which is produced with the tip of the tongue.
The author cited the use of tag questions as a characteristic of women's speech in American English. This was a reflection of the desire to show solidarity between the speaker and the listener.
Differences in language use is decreasing in American English. This is an indication that social inequalities are diminishing.

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Example 4

The article "Speech and Gender" makes many points that show the differences in the way men and women use language regardless of what language it is. Many languages were mentioned as were many different social and linguistic characteristics that had an effect on language. One point made concerns the physical difference between men and women's voices such as the range and timbre. There was also mention of how different morphemes are attached to some words in certain languages depending on who was speaking - that is whether it was a male of female. Pronunciation is another factor that was given in the article. Some words are pronounced differently by men and women in some societies. Another important point is the word choices that men and women make. There are some words that are simply used more by one gender than by the other. One final difference that was noted between men and women's speech were the intonational patterns used. For example women use more pitch levels than men do, which is a marked difference between the two genders.

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Example 5

In the article language, culture, & society An introduction to linguistic anthropology, Salzmann introduces us to the concept of gender in language use. He begins his article by clarifying between gender as a grammatical concept and gender as it is used in the article. He explains that gender in this essay means male and female and that he will discuss how these two groups use language differently.
According to Salzmann's investigation of the subject, many researchers have found grammatical lexical and phonological variants between woman and men's use of speech. He notes in the Fischer study (1958) that girls tend to pronounce -ing when using the progressive tense while men pronounce only -in. when studying some language groups, distinguishing between male and female speakers may be easier due to distinct differences.
With other languages, like English, distinguishing between male and female speakers may not be so simple. In English, for instance, there are no grammatical forms, words, or pronunciations that differ between males and females. In this case the difference between the genders can only be determined by frequency of the use of certain forms or patterns in speech.
When studying issues of speech patterns among different genders it is important to consider the various types of patterns that might exist. Although some languages might have obvious patterns, other will not, and those may require more extensive investigation.

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Example 6

" Gender" refers to "a grammatical category accordion to which certain word classes are formally classifies." Unlike English, in Latin, nouns are not used to differentiate between male & female. In some languages male pronouns he can also be used for animate while the female pronoun for inanimate objects.
The purpose of the text is to investigate how language & speech is used to distinguish between male & female.
During puberty male voices broaden and lowers while the female voice increases in pitch & timbre.
In certain languages male & female use a "different phonemic shapes" are used for specific words. In Koasati, a Muskogean language, female speech appeared to be older and more basic than male speeches & also differed in verb forms. When quoting someone of the opposite sex, the verb forms of the other sex was used.
The "r" in French spoken by male Arabs in North Africa is an apical consonant while it is a uvular consonant in female speeches.
The differences in male & female speech are seen in North & South American languages as well as in Asia. In a small New England village, girls used present participle "in'" as "ing".
The choice of words used by either of the sexes varied according to the occasion, the audience & other situations. Women use fewer stigmatized words than male. Women use more tag question than men. Men use only three of the four relative pitch levels in American English while women use all four. Women go down from the highest to the lowest pitch to be more expressive.
In American English one can only distinguish between male & female speeches by the frequency of usage of certain words.

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Example 7

I. Speech and Gender Differences Among cultures
A. Linguistics: grammatical category (Latin)
B. English: sexual identity (male or female)
II. Relationship between language and Gender
A. How are male & female forms of speech different?
B. Voice Quality
B. Morphemes (phonemic shape)
C. Age of the speaker
D. Gender of the speaker
E. Personality
F. Mood
G. Nature of Conversation
H. Socioeconomic status
III. Words chosen vary to Circumstances
1. Setting
2. Audience
3. Kind of speech
IV. Lexical differences among men and women
A. Women tend to use more words that express "approval or admiration"
B. Men tend to show their approval and liking by using neutral adjectives.
C. Women tend to use "tag questions" or ways of seeking approval
D. Intonational Patterns/Pitch levels
1. Women - four
2. Men - three
E. Language Expression
1. Women's speech more dynamic & more use of paralinguistic features (other cultures).
2. In American English hardly any gender difference in language expression among sexes.

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